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2002 series of coordinated shootings

D.C. sniper attacks
Part of mass shootings in the United States
Locations of the fifteen sniper attacks in the D.C. area numbered chronologically.
Location	Maryland, Virginia, Washington, D.C. and Arizona
Engagement	February sixteen, 2002 – September 26, 2002 (preliminary shootings) October 2, 2002 – October 24, 2002 (sniper attacks)
Target	Civilians in the Baltimore–Washington Metropolitan Area
Attack type	Spree killing, mass murder
Weapons	Bushmaster XM-15 rifle, .223 Remington/v.56×45mm NATO (preliminary shootings)
Deaths	17 total: ten in the Beltway sniper attacks 7 in preliminary shootings
Injured	10 total: 3 in the Beltway sniper attacks 7 in preliminary shootings
Perpetrators	John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo

The D.C. sniper attacks (also known as the Beltway sniper attacks) were a serial of coordinated shootings that occurred during three weeks in October 2002 in the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia. Ten people were killed and iii others were critically wounded in the Baltimore–Washington Metropolitan Area and along Interstate 95 in Virginia.

The snipers were John Allen Muhammad (age 41 at the time) and Lee Boyd Malvo (age 17 at the time), who traveled in a blueish 1990 Chevrolet Caprice sedan. Their criminal offence spree, which began in February 2002, included murders and robberies in the states of Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas, and in Washington, D.C., which resulted in 7 deaths and vii wounded; in 10 months, the snipers killed 17 people and wounded 10 others.^[1] None of the killed were children, but one of the wounded was.

In September 2003, Muhammad was sentenced to expiry, and in October, Malvo, a juvenile, was sentenced to six consecutive life sentences without parole. In November 2009, Muhammad was put to death past lethal injection.

In 2017, the U.s. Court of Appeals for the Quaternary Circuit vacated Malvo's three life sentences without parole in Virginia on appeal, with re-sentencing ordered pursuant to the Supreme Court'southward ruling in the case of Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 132 S.Ct. 2455 (2012), which held that mandatory life sentences for juvenile criminals without possibility of parole violated the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The U.S. Supreme Court granted certiorari, with oral arguments held on October xvi, 2019.^[2] Should he be resentenced, Malvo'due south minimum prison sentence will be determined by a judge; the available maximum sentence would exist life imprisonment. The ruling does not apply to the half-dozen life sentences Malvo received in Maryland.^[iii] On February 25, 2020, after the passage of a Virginia law assuasive those who are serving life sentences for offenses committed earlier the age of xviii to seek release after serving 20 years,^[four] the U.Due south. Supreme Courtroom case was dismissed at the request of lawyers on both sides.^[five]

Preliminary shootings [edit]

On Feb xvi, 2002, 21-yr-old cashier Keenya Nicole Melt was shot and killed past Lee Malvo at the front door of her aunt's home in Tacoma, Washington. Cook'southward aunt, Isa Nichols, had been good friends with John Allen Muhammad's ex-married woman Mildred and had encouraged her to seek a divorce.^[6]

On March nineteen, 2002, Jerry Taylor, threescore, was killed by a single shot to the chest fired from long range equally he practiced scrap shots at a Tucson, Arizona golf course.^{[vii] [viii]} Muhammad's sister lived near the golf game class and he was visiting her at the time of the shooting.^[9]

Ii deaths and four injuries followed in other states from March through July 2002.

On August 1, 2002, John Gaeta, 51, was irresolute a tire slashed by Malvo at a parking lot in Hammond, Louisiana. Malvo so shot him in the neck.^[10] The bullet exited through Gaeta'southward back, and he pretended to be expressionless while Malvo stole his wallet. Gaeta ran to a service station after the shooter left and discovered that he was bleeding; he went to a hospital and was released within an hour. On March 1, 2010, he received a letter of apology from Malvo.^[xi]

On September 5, 2002, at 10:30 p.1000., Paul LaRuffa, a 55-year-sometime pizzeria owner, was shot half-dozen times at shut range while locking up his Italian restaurant in Clinton, Maryland. LaRuffa survived the shooting, and his laptop calculator was found in John Allen Muhammad's machine when he and Malvo were arrested.^[12]

On September 21, 2002, at 12:15 a.m., 41-year-former Million A. Waldemariam was fatally shot in the head and back with a .22-caliber pistol in Atlanta, Georgia. Waldemariam was helping the owner of a Sammy's Package Store shut up for the dark when the shooting occurred.^[13]

Nineteen hours later on on the same day, Claudine Parker,^[14] a 52-twelvemonth-old liquor shop clerk in Montgomery, Alabama, was shot in the chest and killed during a robbery. Her co-worker, 24-yr-old Kellie Adams, was critically wounded with a shot through the neck but survived. Evidence establish at the crime scene eventually tied this killing to the Beltway attacks and allowed authorities to identify Muhammad and Malvo equally suspects,^[15] although this connection was not fabricated until October 17, almost 4 weeks afterward.

On September 23, 2002, at half-dozen:xxx p.thousand., 45-yr-old Hong Im Ballenger was shot in the caput and killed with a Bushmaster rifle in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.^{[sixteen] [17]} Muhammad and Malvo were later linked to the killing.^[18]

Attacks in the Baltimore–Washington Surface area [edit]

DC and Montgomery Canton, Maryland [edit]

A pigsty was cut at the rear of the blue 1990 Chevrolet Caprice driven by Muhammad and Malvo, as a firing port to exist used during their attacks.^[19] This immune them to remain hidden and escape the scene following their attacks.

At 5:20 p.k. on Wednesday, October 2, 2002, a shot was fired through a window of a Michaels craft store in Aspen Hill. The bullet narrowly missed Ann Chapman, a cashier at the store. Since no one was injured, the shot was assumed to be random and no serious alarms were raised.^[20] However, approximately one 60 minutes later, at 6:30 p.m., James Martin, a 55-year-old program analyst at NOAA, was shot and killed at 2201 Randolph Road in the parking lot of a Shoppers Food Warehouse grocery store, located in Wheaton.^[21]

On the morning of October 3, four people were shot dead within a span of approximately 2 hours in Aspen Colina and other nearby areas in Montgomery County. Another was killed that evening in the Takoma neighborhood of the Commune of Columbia.

• At 7:41 a.m., James L. Buchanan, a 39-year-old landscaper known every bit "Sonny", was shot dead at 11411 Rockville Throughway nigh Rockville, Maryland. Buchanan was shot while mowing the grass at the Fitzgerald Auto Malls.
• At eight:12 a.m., a 54-year-old part-fourth dimension taxi cab driver, Prem Kumar Walekar, was killed in Aspen Loma in Montgomery Canton, while pumping gasoline into his taxi at a Mobil station at Aspen Hill Road and Connecticut Avenue.
• At 8:37 a.m., Sarah Ramos, a 34-twelvemonth-old babysitter and housekeeper, was killed at 3701 Rossmoor Boulevard at the Leisure World Shopping Center in Norbeck. She had got off a passenger vehicle and was seated on a bench reading a book.^[21]
• At 9:58 a.m., 25-yr-former Lori Ann Lewis-Rivera was killed while vacuuming her Plymouth Thousand Voyager at the Beat out station at the intersection of Connecticut and Knowles Avenues in Kensington, Maryland.
• The snipers waited until 9:20 p.g. before shooting Pascal Charlot, a 72-year-erstwhile retired carpenter, while he was walking on Georgia Avenue at Kalmia Road, in Washington, D.C. Charlot died less than an hr later.

In each shooting, the victims were killed past a single bullet fired from some distance and, in each case, the killers struck and vanished. This pattern was not detected until after the Oct3 shootings occurred.^[22]

Fright speedily spread throughout the region equally news of the shootings spread. At a press briefing coming together, Chief of Police for Montgomery Canton, MD, Charles Moose, informed parents that schools were on a code blue alert; keeping children indoors. He said that the schools were safe. Many parents picked up their children early at school, non allowing them to take a schoolhouse bus or walk home. Montgomery Canton Public Schools, District of Columbia Public Schools, and private schools went into a lockdown, with no recess or outdoor physical educational activity classes. Other school districts in the area also took precautionary measures, keeping students indoors.^[23] During the course of the shootings, constabulary enforcement agencies from neighboring states became embedded in the investigation through telephone tips.

Police had just a few pieces of evidence to work with. 1 initial report said that during the Silver Spring attack^{[ description needed ]} someone had reportedly seen a white box truck. After the murder in Washington, D.C., witnesses began telling police that they had seen a blue Chevrolet Caprice rather than a white box truck. The law initially believed that all the murders were carried out with a .223 quotient rifle.

Virginia and other areas [edit]

At this point Malvo and Muhammad started covering a wider area and taking ii or 3 days betwixt shootings.

On Oct 4, 43-year-old homemaker Caroline Seawell was wounded in the breast at 2:30 p.m. in the parking lot of another Michaels store at Spotsylvania Mall in Spotsylvania, while she was loading purchases into her minivan. By this indicate, hundreds of journalists had converged to cover the unfolding events. School officials reassured the public that they were taking every measure possible to protect children: by tightening security and canceling all outdoor activities.

• On October 7, at 8:09 a.m., Iran Brown, a xiii-year-sometime student, was shot in the chest and critically wounded as he arrived at the Benjamin Tasker Middle School at 4901 Collington Road in Bowie, Maryland, in Prince George'due south County^[24] (Brownish's name was initially withheld from the public simply was subsequently revealed). His aunt, Tanya Brownish,^[25] was a nurse who had only brought him to school. She rushed him to a hospital emergency room. Despite serious injuries, including damage to several major organs, Brown survived the assail and ultimately testified at Muhammad's trial.^[26] At this offense scene the authorities discovered a trounce casing as well as a Tarot bill of fare (the Death card) inscribed with the phrase, "Call me God" on the front and, on three divide lines on the dorsum, "For you mr. Constabulary." "Code: 'Call me God'." "Do non release to the press."^{[24] [27]} Despite law efforts to honour the request non to release information virtually the card to the printing, details were made public by WUSA-Goggle box and and so by The Washington Mail, just one day later.^[28]
• On October nine at viii:18 p.g., 53-year-old civil engineer Dean Harold Meyers was shot dead while pumping gasoline at a Sunoco gas station at 7203 Sudley Road in Prince William Canton, Virginia, near the urban center of Manassas.
• On the forenoon of Oct 11 at 9:30 a.g., 53-twelvemonth-old businessman Kenneth Bridges was shot dead while pumping fuel at an Exxon station off Interstate 95 in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, near Fredericksburg.^{[24] [29]}
• On October 14, at 9:15 p.m., 47-yr-one-time Linda Franklin (née Moore), an FBI intelligence annotator who was a resident of Arlington County, Virginia, was shot dead in a covered parking lot at Home Depot in Fairfax County, Virginia, just exterior Falls Church building at Seven Corners Shopping Center.^[24] The police received what seemed to be a very proficient lead afterwards the Oct 14 shooting, just it was later determined that the witness was inside the Home Depot at the time and was lying. The witness, Matthew Dowdy,^[thirty] was subsequently bedevilled of interfering with the investigation.

By this indicate, gas stations had begun to put tarps upwardly to conceal their customers (see Public reaction, below). Malvo and Muhammad did not commit any more shootings for 5 days.

On October 19 at 8:00 p.m., 37-twelvemonth-old Jeffrey Hopper was shot in a parking lot about the Ponderosa Steakhouse at Country Route 54 in Ashland, Virginia, about ninety miles (145 km) south of Washington, virtually Interstate 95. His wife Stephanie called out to passers-by, who phoned for an ambulance, enabling Hopper to survive his injuries. Authorities discovered a 4-folio letter from the shooter in the woods that demanded $10 1000000 and made a threat to children.^[31]

On October 21, Richmond-surface area police arrested 2 men, one with a white van, exterior a gas station. The men turned out to be undocumented immigrants with no connectedness to the shooter. The pair were administered cavity searches and were remanded into federal custody (what was then the Immigration and Naturalization Service, which after deported them).

The next day, October 22, passenger vehicle driver Conrad Johnson, 35, was shot at 5:56 a.m. while standing on the steps of his bus at the 14100 block of Grand Pre Road in Aspen Hill, Maryland. Chief Moose released function of the content of 1 of the shooter's letters, in which he declares, "Your children are not safe, anywhere, at whatever time." Johnson later died of his injuries.^[24]

While no shootings occurred on October 23, the 24-hour interval is meaning for two events. First, ballistics experts confirmed Johnson equally the tenth fatality in the Beltway shootings. Second, in a yard in Tacoma, Washington, constabulary searched with metal detectors for bullets, shell casings, or other evidence that might provide a link to the shooters. A tree stump believed to accept been used for target do was seized.

Public reaction [edit]

With seven split up shooting victims, including half-dozen deaths, in the first xv hours of the D.C. area spree, the North American media shortly devoted extensive coverage to the shootings. By the middle of October 2002, all news telly networks provided alive coverage of the backwash of each attack, with the coverage ofttimes lasting for hours at a time. The Fox show America'due south Near Wanted devoted an entire episode to the shooters in hopes of aiding in their capture. Much of the coverage of the case in The New York Times was written by Jayson Blair and later on found to be fabricated. The ensuing scandal resulted in the resignations of the paper'south 2 top editors, Howell Raines and Gerald Boyd.

During the weeks when the attacks occurred, public fear mounted of the apparently random shootings, peculiarly in relation to such sites equally service stations and parking lots of large stores, where many had taken place. People pumping gasoline at gas stations kept moving, hoping to present a smaller target. Lisa Notgrass of Lake Jackson, Texas, recommended to media that gas stations put up tarps around the awnings over the fuel pumps, so people would feel safer.^{[ commendation needed ]} Also, many people with access tried to fuel their vehicles at the naval base of the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, equally they felt information technology was safer within the guarded fence. Authorities buildings such as the White House, U.S. Capitol, and the Supreme Court edifice, and memorial tourist attractions at the National Mall in Washington, D.C. also received heightened security. For the elapsing of the attacks, United States Senate pages received a driven constabulary escort to and from the United states of america Capitol every day and were not allowed to go out their residence hall for whatsoever reason except work. Drivers of white vans and box trucks were viewed with suspicion from other motorists as initial media reports indicated the suspect may be driving such a vehicle.^[32]

After the specific threat against children was delivered, many schoolhouse groups curtailed field trips and outdoors able-bodied activities based upon condom concerns. At the acme of the public fear, some school districts, such as Henrico County Public Schools and Hanover Canton Public Schools, after the Ponderosa shooting, airtight schoolhouse for the day. Other schools such as the MJBHA, canceled all outdoor activities after the shooting at the Connecticut and Aspen Loma intersection. Others changed later-schoolhouse procedures for parents to pick upward their kids to minimize the amount of time children spent in the open. Extra police force officers were placed in schools because of this fearfulness. Joel Schumacher's film Phone Booth was accounted potentially upsetting enough that its release was delayed until Apr 2003.^[33]

Investigation [edit]

The investigation was publicly headed past the Montgomery County Police Department (MCPD) and its primary, Charles Moose. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), the FBI, the U.S. Secret Service, the Virginia Department of Transportation, and police departments in other jurisdictions where shootings took place provided assistance in the investigation.^[34]

Police responded within minutes to reports of attacks during the three weeks of the sniper attacks, cordoning off nearby roads and highways and inspecting all drivers, thereby grinding traffic to a halt for hours at a time. Constabulary canvassed the area, talking to people, and collected surveillance tapes.^[34]

By Fri night, Oct four, the five shootings on October 3 and two on October two were forensically linked to the same gun.^[35]

Eyewitness accounts of the attacks were mostly confused and spotty. Hotlines gear up for the investigation were flooded with tips. Early on tips from eyewitnesses included reports of a white box truck with night lettering, speeding away from the Leisure World shopping center, with two men inside. Police across the area and the country of Maryland were pulling over white vans and trucks.^[20] A grey machine was spotted speeding away later the October 4 shooting in Spotsylvania.^[35]

The shooter attempted to engage the police in a dialogue, compelling Moose to tell the media cryptic messages intended for the sniper. At several scenes of shootings, Tarot cards were left as calling cards, including one Death card upon which was written "Call me God" on the front and on the back, on three divide lines, the words, "For you mr. Police." "Code: 'Call me God'." "Do not release to the printing."^[36] This information was leaked to the press and misquoted often as "I am God" or some like misquote of the bodily words on the tarot menu.^[36] At later on scenes of crimes the shooter left long, handwritten notes sealed inside plastic numberless, including a rambling one that demanded $10,000,000 and threatened the lives of children in the area.

A telephone phone call from the shooter(s) was traced to a pay telephone at a gasoline station in Henrico County, Virginia. Police force missed the suspects by a thing of a few minutes, and initially detained occupants of a van at another pay telephone at the same intersection.

On the telephone call, the sniper, boasting of his cleverness, mentioned a previous unsolved murder in "Montgomery".^[37] This was identified equally the September 21 shooting at a liquor shop in Montgomery, Alabama. On October 17 authorities said they matched Malvo's fingerprint found at the Benjamin Tasker Heart Schoolhouse site with 1 lifted from the Montgomery liquor store scene.^[38] Later confirming the link between these ii crime scenes, the FBI was able to link these fingerprints to Malvo due to his fingerprinting during a previous arrest in Washington state.^[39] After further research into Malvo's background, the police plant he had shut ties to John Allen Muhammad.

Difficult progress [edit]

Despite an apparent lack of progress publicly, federal regime were making significant headway in their investigation and developed leads in Washington land, Alabama, and New Bailiwick of jersey. They learned that Muhammad's ex-wife, who had obtained a protective social club against him, lived near the Capital Beltway in Clinton, a community in suburban Prince George's County, Maryland adjacent to Montgomery County. Information was likewise developed about an automobile purchased in New Bailiwick of jersey past Muhammad.

Police discovered that the New Bailiwick of jersey license plate number issued for Muhammad's 1990 Chevrolet Caprice had been checked by radio patrol cars several times near shooting locations in diverse jurisdictions in several states, merely the car had not been stopped considering law enforcement computer networks did not indicate that it was connected to whatever criminal action and they were focused exclusively on the "white van".

On Oct 3, 2002, police in Washington, D.C. stopped the Caprice for a "minor traffic infraction", ii hours prior to the shooting of Pascal Charlot. Witnesses later reported seeing a Caprice near the scene of his shooting.

On Oct viii, 2002, Baltimore Police force Department investigated a dark blue Chevrolet Caprice with a person sleeping inside that was parked near the Jones Falls Expressway at 28th Street in Baltimore. The officers were concerned that the driver's license was from Washington country while the vehicle was registered in New Bailiwick of jersey. Although the vehicle was suspicious plenty for them to investigate, and information technology fit the description of a vehicle associated with the shooting in Washington, D.C. v days earlier, the officers did not question the occupants extensively, nor did they search the vehicle.

Regime were quick to outcome a media alert to the public to exist on the sentry for a dark blue Chevrolet Caprice sedan. For the public, as well every bit for law enforcement agencies throughout the region, this was a major change from the mysterious "white box truck" before sought based upon reported sightings.

The Chevrolet Caprice was later discovered to have formerly been used every bit an cloak-and-dagger constabulary car in Bordentown, New Jersey.^[40]

Abort [edit]

The rest surface area in which Muhammad and Malvo were captured; the blue 1990 Chevrolet Caprice driven by them is at the top left.

The blue 1990 Chevrolet Caprice driven by Muhammad and Malvo, at the rest area where they were captured. Glass shards on the ground are a upshot of the shattering of the car'due south windows during the arrest.

The crime spree came to a shut at three:15 a.k. on October 24, 2002, when Muhammad and Malvo were found sleeping in their car at a rest stop off Interstate 70 near Myersville, Maryland, and were arrested on federal weapons charges. Police were tipped off past Whitney Donahue, who noticed the parked car. Four hours earlier, Montgomery County police main Charles Moose had relayed this cryptic message to the sniper: "You have indicated that yous want us to do and say sure things. You accept asked us to say, 'We have caught the sniper similar a duck in a noose.' Nosotros sympathize that hearing u.s.a. say this is important to y'all". Moose asked the media "to acquit the message accurately and often."^[41] This statement may refer to a Cherokee legend.^[42]

Trooper First Class D. Wayne Smith of the Maryland State Police was the starting time to go far at the scene and immediately used his light blue unmarked law vehicle to block off the exit by positioning the car sideways between two parked tractor-trailers. As more troopers arrived, they effectively sealed off the rest area at both the archway and exit ramps without the suspects being aware of the speedily growing police presence. Later, as truck driver Ron Lantz was attempting to exit the rest area, his tractor-trailer was commandeered past troopers who used the truck, in identify of the police car, to complete the roadblock at the exit. With the suspects' escape route sealed off, the SWAT officers moved in to arrest them.^[43]

A stolen Bushmaster .223-caliber weapon and bipod were found in a pocketbook in Muhammad'southward machine. Ballistics tests subsequently conclusively linked the seized rifle to 11 of the 14 shootings, including i in which no ane was hurt.^[43]

Conclusions of investigations [edit]

Logistics and tactics [edit]

The attacks were carried out with a stolen Bushmaster XM-15 semi-automated .223 quotient burglarize equipped with a Bushnell holographic weapon sight constructive at ranges of upward to 300 meters (984 anxiety), which was found in the vehicle.^{[44] [45]} The torso of the Chevrolet Caprice was modified to serve as a "rolling sniper's nest". The back seat was modified to allow a person access to the body. One time inside, the sniper could lie prone and accept shots through a pocket-size hole created for that purpose about the license plate.^[46]

Motive [edit]

Investigators and the prosecution suggested during pre-trial motions that Muhammad intended to impale his 2nd ex-married woman Mildred, who he felt had estranged him from his children. According to this theory, the other shootings were intended to cover up the motive for the criminal offense. Muhammad believed that the police would not focus on an estranged ex-hubby as a suspect if Mildred appeared to be a random victim of a serial killer. During the attacks, Muhammad frequented the neighborhood where she lived, and some of the incidents occurred nearby. Additionally, he had earlier made threats confronting her. Mildred herself said that she was his intended target, challenge that when the police first approached her, one officeholder said, "Ms. Muhammad, didn't you know you were the target?"^[47] However, Gauge LeRoy Millette Jr. prevented prosecutors from presenting that theory during the trial, proverb that a link had non been firmly established.

While imprisoned, Malvo wrote a number of erratic diatribes about what he termed "jihad" against the United states. "I accept been accused on my mission. Allah knows I'chiliad gonna suffer now," he wrote. Because his rants and drawings featured not only such figures as Osama Bin Laden and Saddam Hussein, but also characters from the picture series The Matrix, these musings were dismissed as immaterial.^[48] Some investigators reportedly said they had all but eliminated terrorist ties or political ideologies equally a motive.^{[49] [50] [51]} Nevertheless, in at least ane of the ensuing murder trials, a Virginia court institute Muhammad guilty of killing "pursuant to the management or order" of terrorism.^[52]

At the 2006 trial of Muhammad, Malvo testified that the aim of the killing spree was to kidnap children for the purpose of extorting money from the authorities and to "prepare up a camp to train children how to terrorize cities,"^[53] with the ultimate goal being to "close things down" beyond the U.s..^[54]

Backwash [edit]

Criminal prosecutions [edit]

Virginia trials [edit]

Earlier the trial, Principal Moose engaged in a publicity tour for his book on the sniper investigation, including appearances on Dateline NBC, The Today Show, and The Tonight Bear witness. Assistant Prince William County Commonwealth's Chaser James Willett told The Washington Postal service, "Personally, I don't understand why someone who's been in police force enforcement his whole life would potentially impairment our case or compromise a jury pool past doing this."^[55]

Change of venue requests past defense attorneys were granted, and the first trials were held in the independent cities of Chesapeake and Virginia Beach in southeastern Virginia, more than 100 miles (160 km) from the closest alleged attack (in Ashland, Virginia).

During their trials in the fall of 2003, involving ii of the victims in Virginia, Muhammad and Malvo were each found guilty of murder and weapons charges. The jury in Muhammad's example recommended that he exist sentenced to death, while Malvo'due south jury recommended a judgement of life in prison without parole instead of the death sentence. The judges concurred in both cases. Alabama law enforcement government allege that the snipers engaged in a series of previously unconnected attacks prior to October 2 in Montgomery, Alabama. Other charges are also awaiting in Maryland and other communities in Virginia.

After the initial convictions and sentencing, Volition Jarvis, the Assistant Prince William Canton prosecutor, stated he would wait to decide whether to endeavor Malvo on capital charges in his jurisdiction until the U.Southward. Supreme Courtroom ruled on whether juveniles may exist subject to the penalization of execution. While that decision in an unrelated case was still pending before the high court, in October 2004, under a plea agreement, Malvo pleaded guilty in another instance in Spotsylvania County, for another murder to avoid a possible capital punishment sentence, and agreed to additional sentencing of life imprisonment without parole. Malvo had yet to face trial in Prince William County.

In March 2005, the Supreme Courtroom ruled in Roper 5. Simmons that the Eighth Amendment prohibits execution for crimes committed when nether the age of 18. In light of this Supreme Courtroom decision, the prosecutors in Prince William County decided not to pursue the charges against Malvo. Prosecutors in Maryland, Louisiana, and Alabama were still interested in putting both Malvo and Muhammad on trial. As Malvo was 17 when he committed the crimes, he could no longer confront the decease penalisation but nevertheless could be extradited to Alabama, Louisiana, and other states for prosecution. At the fourth dimension of the Roper v. Simmons ruling, Malvo was twenty years old and was held at Virginia'due south maximum security Blood-red Onion Land Prison in Pound, Wise Canton.

"Muhammad, with his sniper team partner, Malvo, randomly selected innocent victims," Virginia Supreme Court Justice Donald Lemons wrote in the decision. "With calculation, extensive planning, premeditation and ruthless disregard for life, Muhammad carried out his cruel scheme of terror."

Muhammad's capital punishment was affirmed past the Virginia Supreme Court on April 22, 2005, when it ruled that he could be sentenced to decease considering the murder was part of an act of terrorism. This line of reasoning was based on the handwritten annotation demanding $x million. The court rejected an argument by defence lawyers that Muhammad could not be sentenced to death because he was non the triggerman in the killings linked to him and Malvo.

Execution of Muhammad [edit]

On September 16, 2009, the circuit court estimate Mary Grace O'Brien set an execution date by lethal injection of Novten, 2009.^[56] His attorneys petitioned the U.South. Supreme Court to stay his execution, but it was denied.^[57] They also requested clemency from Virginia Governor Tim Kaine, just this was denied as well.^[58]

Muhammad was executed past lethal injection at the Greensville Correctional Eye in Jarratt, Virginia on Nov 10, 2009.^[59] The execution procedure began at ix:06 p.thou. EST; Muhammad was pronounced expressionless 5 minutes later. It was reported that when asked if he had any last words, Muhammad made no reply. Xx-seven people, including victims' family members, witnessed his execution.^{[60] [61]}

Maryland trials [edit]

In May 2005, Virginia and Maryland announced that they had reached agreements to let Maryland to go on with prosecuting charges there, where the most shootings occurred. At that place were media reports that Malvo and his legal team were willing to negotiate his cooperation, and he waived extradition to Maryland.

Muhammad and his legal squad responded by fighting extradition to Maryland. Muhammad'south legal team was ultimately unsuccessful, and extradition was ordered past a Virginia guess in August 2005.

Maryland agreed to transfer Muhammad and Malvo back to the Republic of Virginia after their trials. A date for Muhammad's awaiting execution in Virginia had been prepare for Nov 10, 2009.^[62]

Malvo pleaded guilty to six murders and confessed to others in other states while being interviewed in Maryland and testifying confronting Muhammad. Malvo was sentenced to 6 sequent life terms without the possibility of parole, but in 2017, his sentence in Virginia was overturned later an appeal.^[63]

On May 30, 2006, a Maryland jury found John Allen Muhammad guilty of six counts of murder in Maryland. In return, he was sentenced to six consecutive life terms without possibility of parole on June 1, 2006.

On May 6, 2008, it was revealed that Muhammad had asked prosecutors in a letter to assistance him end legal appeals of his confidence and decease sentence "and so that you can murder this innocent blackness man." An appeal filed by Muhammad's defense lawyers in April 2008 cited evidence of brain damage that might return Muhammad incompetent to make legal decisions, and that he should not accept been allowed to represent himself at his Virginia trial.

Malvo testimony [edit]

In John Allen Muhammad's May 2006 trial in Montgomery County, Maryland, Lee Boyd Malvo took the stand and confessed to the 17 murders.^[64] He likewise gave a more detailed version of the pair's plans. Malvo, afterward all-encompassing psychological counseling, admitted that he was lying at the earlier Virginia trial where he had admitted to being the trigger man for every shooting. Malvo claimed that he had said this in order to protect Muhammad from a potential death judgement, and because it was more than difficult to obtain the capital punishment for a small-scale. Malvo said that he wanted to exercise what lilliputian he could for the families of the victims by letting the full story be told. In his two days of testimony, Malvo outlined detailed aspects of all the shootings.

Function of his testimony concerned Muhammad'south complete multiphase plan. His plan consisted of three phases in the Washington, D.C. and Baltimore metro areas. Stage one consisted of meticulously planning, mapping, and practicing their locations effectually the D.C. area. This way after each shooting, they would be able to rapidly get out the area on a predetermined path, and motility on to the next location. Muhammad'southward goal in Stage One was to kill half-dozen white people a day for 30 days. Malvo went on to describe how Stage I did not become as planned due to heavy traffic and the lack of a clear shot or getaway at locations.

Phase 2 was meant to take place in Baltimore, Maryland. Malvo described how this phase was close to being implemented, but was not carried out. Phase Two was intended to begin past killing a pregnant woman by shooting her in the tummy. The next step would have been to shoot and kill a Baltimore police officer. Then, at the officer's funeral, they planned to detonate several improvised explosive devices complete with shrapnel. These explosives were intended to kill a large number of police, since many police would attend another officeholder's funeral.

The concluding phase was to accept place during or shortly after Phase 2, which was to extort several meg dollars from the United States government. This money would exist used to finance a larger plan, to travel north to Canada. Along the mode, they would cease in YMCAs and orphanages recruiting other impressionable young black boys with no parents or guidance. Muhammad thought he could deed as their father figure as he did with Malvo.

One time he recruited a big number of immature black boys and fabricated his way up to Canada, he would begin their training. Malvo described how John Muhammad intended to train boys in weapons and stealth as he had been taught. Finally, later on their training was complete, John Allen Muhammad would send them out across the United states to carry out mass shootings in many other cities, just as he had washed in Washington and Baltimore. These attacks would be coordinated and be intended to send the country into chaos that had already been built up after 9/11.

Ceremonious and regulatory actions [edit]

According to The Seattle Times in a story of April 20, 2003, Muhammad had honed his marksmanship at Bull's Center'south firing range. The newspaper also reported that Malvo told investigators that he shoplifted the 35-inch-long (89 cm) carbine from the "supposedly secure shop."^[65]

According to U.S. Bureau of Booze, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) officials, the shop and its owners had a long history of firearms sales and records violations and a file 283 pages thick. In July 2003, the ATF revoked the federal firearms license of Brian Borgelt, a former staff sergeant with the U.S. Ground forces Rangers and owner of Bull's Eye Shooter Supply. Later that month he transferred buying of the store to a friend and continued to ain the building and operate the side by side shooting gallery.^[66]

On January xvi, 2003, the Legal Action Project of the Brady Heart to Prevent Gun Violence, on behalf of the families of many of the victims of the sniper attacks both in and out of the D.C. surface area who were killed (including Hong Im Ballenger, "Sonny" Buchanan Jr., Linda Franklin, Conrad Johnson, Sarah Ramos, and James 50. Premkumar Walekar) as well as two victims who survived the shooting (Rupinder "Benny" Oberoi and xiii-twelvemonth old Iran Brownish) filed a civil lawsuit against Bull's Middle Shooter Supply and Bushmaster Firearms, Inc. of Windham, Maine, the gun distributor and manufacturer that made the rifle used in the crime spree, equally well equally Borgelt, Muhammad, and Malvo. Muhammad, who had a criminal tape of domestic battery, and Malvo, a minor, were each legally prohibited from purchasing firearms.

The arrange claimed that Bull's Center Shooter Supply ran its gun store in Tacoma, Washington, "in such a grossly negligent fashion that scores of its guns routinely "disappeared" from its store and it kept such shoddy records that it could not account for the Bushmaster rifle used in the sniper shootings when asked by federal agents for records of auction for the weapon." It was declared that the dealer could not account for hundreds of guns received from manufacturers in the years immediately prior to the Beltway sniper attacks. It was also claimed that Bull'due south Eye continued to sell guns in the aforementioned irresponsible mode even subsequently Muhammad and Malvo were caught and plant to take acquired the weapon in that location. Bushmaster was included in the arrange considering information technology allegedly continued to sell guns to Bull's Center as a dealer despite an awareness of its tape-keeping violations.

The case had been prepare for trial in April 2005; yet, the parties settled before and so. Bushmaster said it settled because of escalating legal fees and the dwindling corporeality of insurance money it had left for the case. Bull's Middle contributed $2 one thousand thousand and Bushmaster contributed $500,000 to an out-of-courtroom settlement. Bushmaster as well agreed to educate its dealers on safer business practices.^[67]

Later the settlement was announced, WTOP radio in Washington, D.C., reported that Sonia Wills, mother of victim Conrad Johnson, said her family took part in the lawsuit more than to send a bulletin than to collect money. "I think a bulletin was delivered that you should exist responsible and accountable for the deportment of irresponsible people when you make these guns and put them in their hands," she said.^[68]

Memorials [edit]

Brookside Gardens' Reflection Terrace was built in fall 2004 in memory of the sniper victims

A memorial to the victims of the D.C. expanse sniper attacks is located at Brookside Gardens in Wheaton, Maryland.^[69] An additional memorial was constructed in 2022 in the regime plaza of Rockville, Maryland.

In popular culture [edit]

Film and telly [edit]

• Broadcast of the CSI: Miami episode "Kill Zone" had to be postponed into November 2002 because the story of a sniper killing iii random victims at rush hour seemed to bear too close a resemblance to the Beltway attacks.
• On May 14, 2003, Law & Order aired an episode titled "Sheltered", which contains many similar elements to the D.C. sniper attacks.
• On July 12, 2003, Forensic Files aired an episode titled "The Sniper's Trail", which documents the D.C. sniper attacks and subsequent constabulary investigation.
• On Oct 12, 2003, Sue Thomas: F.B.Center aired an episode titled "The Sniper", which contains many similar elements to the D.C. sniper attacks.
• On October 17, 2003, the USA Network'south U.S. cable station aired D.C. Sniper: 23 Days of Fright, a television receiver movie based on the D.C. sniper attacks.
• During the autumn of 2007, BET showcased a documentary on the Beltway Snipers in its American Gangster series.
• The June 2008, the documentary The D.C. Sniper'south Wife told the D.C sniper attacks story through the eyes of Mildred Muhammad, ex-wife of John Allen Muhammad.
• On November 9, 2009, Mildred Muhammad appeared on CNN's Larry Male monarch Alive the twenty-four hour period before her ex-husband's execution.
• The 2010 film D.C. Sniper, directed by Ulli Lommel, is based on the attacks.
• On August ix, 2010, The Biography Aqueduct aired an episode of Aftermath with William Shatner, titled "DC Sniper Victims" in which the actor William Shatner spoke at length with iii survivors of the sniper attacks—Paul LaRuffa, Kellie Adams, and Caroline Seawell.
• The 2013 film Blue Caprice, likewise known equally The Washington Snipers in some regions, is based on the attacks and the human relationship between Muhammad and Malvo.
• On July 22, 2015, Lifetime Movie Network aired an episode of Monster in My Family featuring Mildred Muhammad meeting with surviving victims along with family unit members of the deceased, with Lee Malvo likewise appearing in the episode while in prison.^[70]

Publications [edit]

• In 2003, onetime Montgomery County police chief Charles Moose, the main official in accuse of the Beltway sniper attacks, published a book titled Iii Weeks in October: The Manhunt for the Serial Sniper.
• In 2022 (January six - March 23), the podcast You're Wrong About produced a four-function series on the attacks, chronicling the connexion between John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo as well as their lives equally individuals.^{[71] [72] [73] [74]}
• In 2020, iHeartRadio and Tenderfoot Television set covered the attacks in the third season of their true crime podcast Monster. ^[75]

Come across likewise [edit]

• W Virginia sniper attacks (2003)
• Ohio highway sniper attacks (2003)
• Metcalf sniper assail (2015)
• Phoenix freeway shootings (2015)
• Eulalio Tordil shootings (2016)

References [edit]

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External links [edit]

• "Serial sniper continues to crusade fear in the region". The Gazette. October 17, 2002. Archived from the original on November 22, 2002.
• Interactive map of the shootings, at the Washington Post
• D.C. Sniper: Ten Years Later, at The Baltimore Dominicus

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C._sniper_attacks

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